On April 6 2018, National University of Singapore (NUS) announced that its team of engineers has recently discovered a greener and cheaper technique for biofuel production, using a natural bacterium isolated from mushroom crop residue.
Traditional biofuels are produced from food crops. This approach is highly costly and competes with food production in the use of land, water, energy and other environmental resources.
Biofuels produced from unprocessed cellulosic materials such as plant biomass, as well as agriculture, horticultural and organic waste, are expected to meet growing energy demands without increasing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.
These cellulosic materials are in great abundance, environmentally friendly, and economically sustainable. Among various types of biofuels, biobutanol offers a great promise as petrol substitute because of its high energy density and superior properties.
Biobutanol can directly replace gasoline in car engines without any modification. However, commercial production of biobutanol has been hampered by the lack of potent microbes capable of converting cellulosic biomass into biofuels. The current technique is costly and also requires complicated chemical pre-treatment.
The novel technique developed by the NUS team could potentially be a game-changing technology for cost effective and sustainable biofuel production.
A research team led by Associate Professor He Jianzhong from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at NUS Faculty of Engineering first discovered the novel TG57 strain in 2015. The team discovered that a naturally-occurring bacterium Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum (TG57) isolated from waste generated after harvesting mushrooms, is capable of converting cellulose to biobutanol directly. The team then went on to culture the strain to examine its properties.
Associate Professor He explained that the production of biofuels using non-food feedstocks can improve sustainability and reduce costs greatly.
“In our study, we demonstrated a novel method of directly converting cellulose to biobutanol using the novel TG57 strain. This is a major breakthrough in metabolic engineering and exhibits a foundational milestone in sustainable and cost-effective production of renewable biofuels and chemicals,” said Associate Professor He.
Moving forward, the research team will continue to optimise the performance of the TG57 strain, and further engineer it to enhance biobutanol ratio and yield using molecular genetic tools.
The team published the findings of the study in the scientific journal Science Advances on 23 March 2018.
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